FOUNDATION STANDARDS
1.0 Academics
Students understand the academic content required for entry into postsecondary education and employment in the Marketing, Sales, and Service sector.
(The standards listed below retain in parentheses the numbering as specified in the mathematics, science, and history–social science content standards adopted by the State Board of Education.)
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1.1 Mathematics
Specific applications of Number Sense standards (grade seven):
(1.1) Read, write, and compare rational numbers in scientific notation (positive and negative powers of 10) with approximate numbers using scientific notation.
(1.2) Add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers (integers, fractions, and terminating decimals) and take positive rational numbers to whole-number powers.
(1.3) Convert fractions to decimals and percents and use these representations in estimations, computations, and applications.
(1.4) Differentiate between rational and irrational numbers.
(1.5) Know that every rational number is either a terminating or a repeating decimal and be able to convert terminating decimals into reduced fractions.
(1.6) Calculate the percentage of increases and decreases of a quantity.
(1.7) Solve problems that involve discounts, markups, commissions, and profit and compute simple and compound interest.
Specific applications of Statistics, Data Analysis, and Probability standards (grade seven):
(1.1) Know various forms of display for data sets, including a stem-and-leaf plot or box-and-whisker plot; use the forms to display a single set of data or to compare two sets of data.
(1.2) Represent two numerical variables on a scatterplot and informally describe how the data points are distributed and any apparent relationship that exists between the two variables (e.g., between time spent on homework and grade level).
(3.3) Understand the meaning of, and be able to compute, the minimum, the lower quartile, the median, the upper quartile, and the maximum of a data set.
Specific applications of Mathematical Reasoning standards (grade seven):
(1.1) Analyze problems by identifying relationships, distinguishing relevant from irrelevant information, identifying missing information, sequencing and prioritizing information, and observing patterns.
(2.1) Use estimation to verify the reasonableness of calculated results.
(2.2) Apply strategies and results from simpler problems to more complex problems.
(2.3) Estimate unknown quantities graphically and solve for them by using logical reasoning and arithmetic and algebraic techniques.
(2.4) Make and test conjectures by using both inductive and deductive reasoning.
(2.5) Use a variety of methods, such as words, numbers, symbols, charts, graphs, tables, diagrams, and models, to explain mathematical reasoning.
(2.6) Express the solution clearly and logically by using the appropriate mathematical notation and terms and clear language; support solutions with evidence in both verbal and symbolic work.
(2.7) Indicate the relative advantages of exact and approximate solutions to problems and give answers to a specified degree of accuracy.
(2.8) Make precise calculations and check the validity of the results from the context of the problem.
(3.1) Evaluate the reasonableness of the solution in the context of the original situation.
(3.2) Note the method of deriving the solution and demonstrate a conceptual under standing of the derivation by solving similar problems.
(3.3) Develop generalizations of the results obtained and the strategies used and apply them to new problem situations.
Specific applications of Algebra I standards (grades eight through twelve):
(1.1) Students use properties of numbers to demonstrate whether assertions are true or false.
(5.0) Students solve multistep problems, including word problems, involving linear equations and linear inequalities in one variable and provide justification for each step.
(13.0) Students add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions and functions. Students solve both computationally and conceptually challenging problems by using these techniques.
(15.0) Students apply algebraic techniques to solve rate problems, work problems, and percent mixture problems.
(24.1) Students explain the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning and identify and provide examples of each.
(24.2) Students identify the hypothesis and conclusion in logical deduction.
(24.3) Students use counterexamples to show that an assertion is false and recognize that a single counterexample is sufficient to refute an assertion.
(25.1) Students use properties of numbers to construct simple, valid arguments (direct and indirect) for, or formulate counterexamples to, claimed assertions.
(25.2) Students judge the validity of an argument according to whether the properties of the real number system and the order of operations have been applied correctly at each step.
(25.3) Given a specific algebraic statement involving linear, quadratic, or absolute value expressions or equations or inequalities, students determine whether the statement is true sometimes, always, or never.
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1.2 Science
Specific applications of Investigation and Experimentation standards (grades nine through twelve):
(1.a) Select and use appropriate tools and technology (such as computer-linked probes, spreadsheets, and graphing calculators) to perform tests, collect data, analyze relationships, and display data.
(1.d) Formulate explanations by using logic and evidence.
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1.3 History–Social Science
Specific applications of World History, Culture, and Geography: The Modern World standards (grade ten):
(10.3.) Students analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States.
(10.3.1) Analyze why England was the first country to industrialize.
(10.3.2) Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g., the inventions and discoveries of James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison).
(10.3.3) Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.
(10.3.4) Trace the evolution of work and labor, including the demise of the slave trade and the effects of immigration, mining and manufacturing, division of labor, and the union movement.
(10.3.5) Understand the connections among natural resources, entrepreneurship, labor, and capital in an industrial economy.
(10.3.6) Analyze the emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic pattern and the responses to it, including Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and Communism.
Specific applications of United States History and Geography: Continuity and Change in the Twentieth Century standards (grade eleven):
(11.11) Students analyze the major social problems and domestic policy issues in contemporary American society.
(11.11.1) Discuss the reasons for the nation’s changing immigration policy, with emphasis on how the Immigration Act of 1965 and successor acts have transformed American society.
(11.11.2) Discuss the significant domestic policy speeches of Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Carter, Reagan, Bush, and Clinton (e.g., with regard to education, civil rights, economic policy, environmental policy).
(11.11.3) Describe the changing roles of women in society as reflected in the entry of more women into the labor force and the changing family structure.
(11.11.4) Explain the constitutional crisis originating from the Watergate scandal.
(11.11.5) Trace the impact of, need for, and controversies associated with environmental conservation, expansion of the national park system, and the development of environmental protection laws, with particular attention to the interaction between environmental protection advocates and property rights advocates.
(11.11.6) Analyze the persistence of poverty and how different analyses of this issue influence welfare reform, health insurance reform, and other social policies.
(11.11.7) Explain how the federal, state, and local governments have responded to demographic and social changes such as population shifts to the suburbs, racial concentrations in the cities, Frostbelt-to-Sunbelt migration, international migration, decline of family farms, increases in out-of-wedlock births, and drug abuse.
Specific applications of Principles of Economics standards (grade twelve):
(12.1) Students understand common economic terms and concepts and economic reasoning.
(12.1.1) Examine the causal relationship between scarcity and the need for choices.
(12.1.2) Explain opportunity cost and marginal benefit and marginal cost.
(12.1.3) Identify the difference between monetary and nonmonetary incentives and how changes in incentives cause changes in behavior.
(12.1.4) Evaluate the role of private property as an incentive in conserving and improving scarce resources, including renewable and nonrenewable natural resources.
(12.1.5) Analyze the role of a market economy in establishing and preserving political and personal liberty (e.g., through the works of Adam Smith).
(12.2) Students analyze the elements of America’s market economy in a global setting.
(12.2.1) Understand the relationship of the concept of incentives to the law of supply and the relationship of the concept of incentives and substitutes to the law of demand.
(12.2.2) Discuss the effects of changes in supply and/or demand on the relative scarcity, price, and quantity of particular products.
(12.2.3) Explain the roles of property rights, competition, and profit in a market economy.
(12.2.4) Explain how prices reflect the relative scarcity of goods and services and perform the allocative function in a market economy.
(12.2.5) Understand the process by which competition among buyers and sellers determines a market price.
(12.2.6) Describe the effect of price controls on buyers and sellers.
(12.2.7) Analyze how domestic and international competition in a market economy affects goods and services produced and the quality, quantity, and price of those products.
(12.2.8) Explain the role of profit as the incentive to entrepreneurs in a market economy.
(12.2.9) Describe the functions of the financial markets.
(12.2.10) Discuss the economic principles that guide the location of agricultural production and industry and the spatial distribution of transportation and retail facilities.
(12.3) Students analyze the influence of the federal government on the American economy.
(12.3.1) Understand how the role of government in a market economy often includes providing for national defense, addressing environmental concerns, defining and enforcing property rights, attempting to make markets more competitive, and protecting consumers’ rights.
(12.3.2) Identify the factors that may cause the costs of government actions to outweigh the benefits.
(12.3.3) Describe the aims of government fiscal policies (taxation, borrowing, spending) and their influence on production, employment, and price levels.
(12.3.4) Understand the aims and tools of monetary policy and their influence on economic activity (e.g., the Federal Reserve).
(12.4) Students analyze the elements of the U.S. labor market in a global setting.
(12.4.1) Understand the operations of the labor market, including the circumstances surrounding the establishment of principal American labor unions, procedures that unions use to gain benefits for their members, the effects of unionization, the minimum wage, and unemployment insurance.
(12.4.2) Describe the current economy and labor market, including the types of goods and services produced, the types of skills workers need, the effects of rapid technological change, and the impact of international competition.
(12.4.3) Discuss wage differences among jobs and professions, using the laws of demand and supply and the concept of productivity.
(12.4.4) Explain the effects of international mobility of capital and labor on the U.S. economy.
(12.5) Students analyze the aggregate economic behavior of the U.S. economy.
(12.5.1) Distinguish between nominal and real data.
(12.5.2) Define, calculate, and explain the significance of an unemployment rate, the number of new jobs created monthly, an inflation or deflation rate, and a rate of economic growth.
(12.5.3) Distinguish between short-term and long-term interest rates and explain their relative significance.
(12.6) Students analyze issues of international trade and explain how the U.S. economy affects, and is affected by, economic forces beyond the United States borders.
(12.6.1) Identify the gains in consumption and production efficiency from trade, with emphasis on the main products and changing geographic patterns of twentieth-century trade among countries in the Western Hemisphere.
(12.6.2) Compare the reasons for and the effects of trade restrictions during the Great Depression compared with present-day arguments among labor, business, and political leaders over the effects of free trade on the economic and social interests of various groups of Americans.
(12.6.3) Understand the changing role of international political borders and territorial sovereignty in a global economy.
(12.6.4) Explain foreign exchange, the manner in which exchange rates are determined, and the effects of the dollar’s gaining (or losing) value relative to other currencies.
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