Mathematics
By the end of grade six, students have mastered the four arithmetic operations with whole numbers, positive fractions, positive decimals, and positive and negative integers; they accurately compute and solve problems. They apply their knowledge to statistics and probability. Students understand the concepts of mean, median, and mode of data sets and how to calculate the range. They analyze data and sampling processes for possible bias and misleading conclusions; they use addition and multiplication of fractions routinely to calculate the probabilities for compound events. Students conceptually understand and work with ratios and proportions; they compute percentages (e.g., tax, tips, interest). Students know about pi and the formulas for the circumference and area of a circle. They use letters for numbers in formulas involving geometric shapes and in ratios to represent an unknown part of an expression. They solve one-step linear equations.
Statistics, Data Analysis, and Probability
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1.0 Students compute and analyze statistical measurements for data sets:
1.1 Compute the range, mean, median, and mode of data sets.
1.2 Understand how additional data added to data sets may affect these computations of measures of central tendency.
1.3 Understand how the inclusion or exclusion of outliers affects measures of central tendency.
1.4 Know why a specific measure of central tendency (mean, median) provides the most useful information in a given context.
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2.0 Students use data samples of a population and describe the characteristics and limitations of the samples:
2.1 Compare different samples of a population with the data from the entire population and identify a situation in which it makes sense to use a sample.
2.2 Identify different ways of selecting a sample (e.g., convenience sampling, responses to a survey, random sampling) and which method makes a sample more representative for a population.
2.3 Analyze data displays and explain why the way in which the question was asked might have influenced the results obtained and why the way in which the results were displayed might have influenced the conclusions reached.
2.4 Identify data that represent sampling errors and explain why the sample (and the display) might be biased.
2.5 Identify claims based on statistical data and, in simple cases, evaluate the validity of the claims.
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3.0 Students determine theoretical and experimental probabilities and use these to make predictions about events:
3.1 Represent all possible outcomes for compound events in an organized way (e.g., tables, grids, tree diagrams) and express the theoretical probability of each outcome.
3.2 Use data to estimate the probability of future events (e.g., batting averages or number of accidents per mile driven).
3.3 Represent probabilities as ratios, proportions, decimals between 0 and 1, and percentages between 0 and 100 and verify that the probabilities computed are reasonable; know that if P is the probability of an event, 1-P is the probability of an event not occurring.
3.4 Understand that the probability of either of two disjoint events occurring is the sum of the two individual probabilities and that the probability of one event following another, in independent trials, is the product of the two probabilities.
3.5 Understand the difference between independent and dependent events.
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